Abstract:In the process of designing an economical structure, safety along with total cost must be balanced. This can be attained by design optimization, however the complex nature of the algorithms involved hinders its application. Further, there is a severe lack of research on the optimization of reinforced concrete (RC) isolated footings. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to develop a user-friendly tool for the optimization of RC isolated footings using advanced metaheuristic algorithms to make it more practical and convenient to adopt for design optimization. For this purpose, a spreadsheet-based interface is created in which input parameters from the original design can be entered to find the best option for the minimum cost design. The Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) are used as metaheuristic techniques for optimization. The original design of four examples from the literature is compared with the optimized design obtained from the developed tool to demonstrate its efficiency. For the considered case studies, cost-saving of up to 44% has been obtained. Furthermore, a parametric investigation for the minimum cost objective using the GA has been performed through which a detailed analysis of geometric reinforcement and material strength variables is conducted. The results lead to the derivation of useful thumb rules for the economical design and proportioning of isolated footings.Keywords: reinforced concrete; isolated footings; economical design; optimization tool; spreadsheet optimization; Evolutionary Algorithm; Genetic Algorithm
reinforced concrete design by h j shah free
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In this study, we developed a rapid strategy to screen a serum-free medium for culturing the anchorage-dependent PC-3 prostate cancer cells, which was going to be prepared in large scale to generate GM-CSF/TNFα-surface-modified whole cell prostate cancer vaccine. Automated real-time cellular analysis as a rapid and non-invasive technology was used to monitor the growth of PC-3 cells in 16-well plates. At the same time, Plackett-Burman design was employed to identify the most influential formulation by integrating relevant information statistically. The effects of the 16 selected factors were evaluated during exponential cell growth and three medium constituents (EGF, FGF and linoleic acid) were identified to have significant effects on the cell growth. Subsequently, the response surface methodology with central composite design was applied to determine the interactions among the three factors so that these factors were optimized to improve cell growth. Finally, the prediction of the best combination was made under the maximal response to optimize cell growth by Design-Expert software 7.0. A total of 20 experiments were conducted to construct a quadratic model and a second-order polynomial equation. With the optimized combination validated by the stability test of serial passaging PC-3 cells, the serum-free medium had similar cell density and cell viability to the original serum medium. In summary, this high-throughput scheme minimized the screening time and may thus provide a new platform to efficiently develop the serum-free media for adherent cells.
Citation: Zhao A, Chen F, Ning C, Wu H, Song H, Wu Y, et al. (2017) Use of real-time cellular analysis and Plackett-Burman design to develop the serum-free media for PC-3 prostate cancer cells. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0185470.
By use of Plackett-Burman design, a commonly used statistical screening method, we are able to do the minimum number of experiments to examine a large number of factors for the response of the significant value simultaneously. EGF, FGF, linoleic acid, penicillin-streptomycin solution and succinic acid were found to have significant effects on the response value, and the effects of EGF, FGF and linoleic acid were the most significant as shown in Tables 4 and 5 and from Fig 3 to Fig 7. EGFR is highly expressed on the surface of PC-3 cells, and EGF as growth factor can stimulate the rapid proliferation of PC-3 cells through its binding to EGFR [35, 39, 40]. Consistent with the optimization results from CCD, the rapid growth of PC-3 cells depended on high concentrations of EGF. FGF is a commonly used serum-free medium additive, which can stimulate DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in a variety of cells [26]. The unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid as one of the commonly used in serum-free medium can promote cell proliferation and also promote cell expression of antibodies [24]. As demonstrated in this study, FGF and linoleic acid played a key role in cell proliferation of PC-3 cells.
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